Breast Cancer

The causes of breast cancer are not known and it is likely multifactorial, with genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. All women, regardless of age and status, are at risk of getting breast cancer.

However, certain risk factors can increase the risk of breast cancer.

Age is a significant risk factor. Women over the age of 40 are more likely to get breast cancer than younger women, and those who have family members with the disease (a genetic cause) will be at a higher risk. A higher lifetime exposure to oestrogen, such as menstruating at a younger age (below 12 years old), late childbirth, or having menopause at a later age (above 55 years old), is also known to increase the risk of breast cancer.

Preventing or reducing the risk of breast cancer

While there is no certain way to prevent breast cancer, certain healthy habits can help lower your risk. Here are some of them:

How to prevent risk of breast cancer in all women?

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Engage regularly in physical activities
• Limit or avoid alcohol
• Breastfeed

How to prevent breast cancer for women with high risk of breast cancer?

• Monthly breast self-examinations for early signs of breast cancer
• Regular breast checks by your doctor, who will also order imaging scans for close monitoring
• Undergo genetic counselling and testing
• Taking hormonal therapy to lower breast cancer risk
• Preventive surgery (for women with very high risk)

Breast cancer symptoms include the following:

• A painless lump in the breast
• Bleeding or unusual discharge from the nipple
• Dimpled or puckered skin over the breast
• Persistent itch and rash around the nipple
• Pulled in or retracted nipple
• Swollen and thickened skin over the breast

Breast cancer screening guidelines for women

Breast cancer screening guidelines for normal-risk women without symptoms:

39 years and below	Monthly breast self-examination
40 – 49 Years	Monthly breast self-examination Mammogram screening once a year
50 – 69 years	Monthly breast self-examination Mammogram screening once every 2 years

Women over the age of 40, or have a family history of cancer, have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Other risk factors include: menstruating at a younger age (below 12 years old), late childbirth, or having menopause at a later age (above 55 years old).

Consult a doctor for a different screening schedule and seek medical attention promptly should a lump be noticed in the breast, or if breast cancer is suspected.

Breast cancer is diagnosed either when symptoms and signs are noted by the woman herself, or during breast screening when abnormalities in the breast are detected.

Here are some ways to detect breast cancer:

Breast Self-examination

Breast cancer is one of the few cancers that can be detected through monthly self-examination. During self-examination, women should look out for:

• Lump(s), swelling, or thickening in the breast or underarm area
• Changes in the size or shape of the breast
• Puckering or dimpling of the skin on the breast or nipple
• Persistent rash or change in the skin around the nipple
• Changes in the nipple, such as inversion or retraction
• Bleeding or unusual discharge from the nipple
• Skin redness or soreness of the breast
• Accentuated veins on the surface of the breast
• Unusual swelling in the upper arm
• Any enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit and collarbone areas

Look for visible changes in the breasts and nipples by turning them slowly from side to side and feel for changes in the breasts, underarm, and collarbone areas.

Should you notice any lumps or unusual signs in your breast, consult a doctor for more in-depth tests, such as a mammogram.

Mammogram

The mammogram is a special X-ray imaging tool that detects abnormalities in the breast like calcium deposits, architectural distortion or asymmetries, and tumours.

The mammogram is currently one of the most reliable screening tools for breast cancer. It is recommended that women between 40 – 49 years old schedule annual mammograms to detect breast cancer early.

Tomosynthesis (3D Mammography)

Some breast cancers may be difficult to identify on standard mammography because they are hidden or obscured by overlapping or dense breast tissue. Tomosynthesis uses low dose X-rays to take mammogram images of the breast and shows only a few layers of the breast at a time. It has been shown to achieve a high accuracy of cancer detection and lower false positive cases than digital mammography.

Breast Ultrasound

The ultrasound scan is an imaging modality that makes use of high frequency sound waves to produce an image of the internal structures of the breast, thereby aiding in the detection and diagnosis of breast tissue abnormalities. Ultrasound scans can detect the difference between a solid mass, which may be a cancer, or a fluid-filled cyst, which is usually not cancer.

Breast MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) makes use of powerful magnetic fields, radio frequency pulses and a computer to create detailed images of the breast tissue. It is usually used for screening younger women with a high risk of breast cancer. Combining MRI with mammograms picks up cancers at an earlier stage in this group of women. MRI is also useful when lesions found on the mammogram or ultrasound scans require further evaluation.

When an abnormal finding is noted on imaging, a biopsy procedure will be required to confirm the presence of breast cancer.

MRI-guided Core Needle / Vacuum-assisted Biopsy

MRI is used to help guide the radiologist's instruments to the site of abnormal growth in the breast. Tissue samples are then removed with a hollow needle (called a core biopsy) to be tested for cancer.

Stereotactic Core Needle / Vacuum-assisted Biopsy

A special mammography machine uses X-rays to guide the radiologist’s instruments to the location of abnormalities in the breast before tissue samples are removed and tested for cancer.

Ultrasound-guided Core Needle / Vacuum-assisted Biopsy

This procedure makes use of ultrasound images to locate breast abnormalities, typically a mass of tissue or lumps. Small tissue samples are then removed using a fine needle to remove cells or a hollow needle to be tested for cancer.

Wire Localisation for Surgery (MRI, Stereotactic or Ultrasound-guided)

Making use of MRI, stereotactic or ultrasound techniques, wire localisation is used to pinpoint the exact location of a breast lump that is too small or vague to be felt accurately by hand. The surgeon will insert a tiny wire into the breast, such that the tip lies within the abnormal area. A biopsy or surgery will be performed afterwards to remove tissue samples for diagnosis.

For more information on the various breast biopsy procedures available, how to prepare for one, and what happens after, download our brochure ‘Breast Biopsy: All You Need to Know’.

Treatment for breast cancer depends on the size and stage of the cancer, type of cancer, characteristics of cancer cells, and other factors of the patient’s health.

Breast cancer treatment includes:

Locoregional treatment

This breast cancer treatment method makes use of both surgery and radiotherapy to treat cancer cells in your breast and lymph nodes. It comprises the following treatment methods:

• Lumpectomy: Often referred to as breast-conserving surgery, this procedure involves the removal of the tumour and a small margin of the surrounding tissue. This leaves the rest of your breast untouched. A lumpectomy is usually recommended for removing small tumours. For patients with larger tumours, there are options of partial breast reconstruction if breast conservation is still preferred.

• Mastectomy: A mastectomy refers to a surgical procedure to remove the whole of your breast, including your nipple, lobules, areola, ducts, and fatty tissue. However, other surgical techniques may be an option in selected cases to improve the overall appearance of your breast. Mastectomy will be recommended if the tumour to breast size ratio is large, or if there are multiple foci (more than one area) of cancer in the breast. Your doctor will discuss the various options of immediate breast reconstruction with you if a mastectomy is required.

• Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB): This procedure involves the removal of the first few lymph nodes where the lymph flows to and testing them for cancer intra-operatively. If cancer is not found in the sentinel lymph nodes, the chance of finding it in the remaining lymph nodes will be quite slim. Hence, no other nodes will be removed. However, if the axillary lymph nodes contain cancer cells, surgical clearance of the axillary lymph nodes will be performed.

• Radiotherapy: Radiation therapy involves treatment with high-energy rays that destroy the cancer cells. Some patients with breast cancer may need radiation in addition to other treatment methods. The need for radiotherapy will largely depend on the stage of cancer, and the type of surgery that you had gone through. Large tumours may also need radiotherapy. This breast cancer treatment method can be used after mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. It may also be used if your cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain or bones.

Systematic treatment

These breast cancer treatment options utilise chemotherapy or hormonal drugs to manage clumps of breast cancer cells that may be circulating in your body. Systemic breast cancer treatment methods include:

• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy refers to the use of drugs to destroy fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is sometimes given before breast cancer surgery in women with larger tumours. The primary goal of chemotherapy in such a situation is to shrink the tumour in size to facilitate easier surgical removal. Your doctor may also recommend chemotherapy after surgery to decrease the risk of your breast cancer recurring.

• Hormone therapy: 60 – 70% of breast cancers are oestrogen receptor positive (ER positive) or progesterone receptor positive (PR positive). These cancers grow in response to the female hormones in your body. Hormone therapy works by blocking the action of progesterone and oestrogen or lowering their levels in your body as a way of treating the cancer. Hormone therapy is usually used as the last part of your treatment to decrease the risk of cancer recurring.

• Targeted therapy: About 15 – 20% of breast cancers have HER2 growth factor protein on the cell surfaces. Targeted therapy uses antibodies to attach to HER2 protein, in order to inhibit the cancer growth.

Rehabilitation

• Nutrition and lifestyle support to help with recovery
• Shoulder exercises and arm care to avoid stiffness and swelling

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As you manage breast cancer symptoms, you also have to be cautious of other health concerns. Breast cancer can lead to other diseases and complications. Knowing the possible complications that may result from this disease can make you seek medical help as soon as possible. Potential complications of breast cancer include:

• Bone resorption or breaking down of bones
• Fractures due to weakening of bones
• Spinal compression or pressure on the spinal cord and nerves – can cause neck or back pain, numbness, tingling sensation, difficulty in walking, problems in bladder and bowel control
• Hypercalcaemia or high level of calcium in the blood – can lead to irregular heartbeat, kidney stones, kidney failure, confusion, dementia or coma
• Lung complications that lead to chest discomfort, shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, tumour, pleural effusion or fluid in the lungs
• Liver complications that lead to stomach pain, weight loss, vomiting, problems with waste removal and jaundice
• Brain complications that lead to frequent headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and seizures.

Complications of Cancer Treatment

In any breast cancer treatment, even the normal cells are affected. Thus, treatments may lead to side effects and complications. Below are some treatment-related complications:

• Mouth sores
• Nausea
• Nerve damage
• Diarrhoea
• Burning pain and scarring due to radiation therapy
• Post-surgery pain
• Lymphoedema or swelling
• Infection
• Hematoma – blood build-up outside the blood vessels
• Seroma – fluid build-up underneath the skin
• Negative reaction to anaesthesia
• Heart disease
• Secondary cancers like leukaemia and soft tissue sarcoma

Before undergoing treatment, discuss with your doctor your concerns regarding breast cancer complications and related diseases. The medical team will educate you on what can be done to lessen the risk of developing complications. Likewise, your doctor can assess which treatment option will work best for you.

If you experience any complications and side effects, tell your doctor immediately. The medical team will monitor these problems and recommend the right pain management and treatment for the related diseases.

At Parkway East Hospital, we’re focused on offering quality care, supporting our patients from the diagnosis all the way through treatment (both surgical and non-surgical), rehabilitation, recovery and even the management of long term conditions. Feel at home with our dedicated team of experienced surgeons, nurses, and allied health professionals on the road to recovery.

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