Gout

Gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood. When the kidneys cannot excrete excess uric acid in the urine, it is deposited in the joints, where it forms crystals (called tophi). These crystals cause swelling and pain. Other causes of gout include:

• A diet that is excessive in proteins, fat and alcohol
• Certain medications
• Gender – Men are more likely to get gout but women have a higher risk of getting gout after menopause
• Hereditary – Gout often runs in families with a history of gout problems
• Other diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, leukaemia and kidney disorders

The first sign of a gout attack is a sudden warm throbbing of the affected joint. This pain can quickly become excruciating and there is swelling and redness of the joint. Other symptoms include:

• Difficulty and pain in walking during an acute attack
• Extremely large uric acid crystals (tophi) in the joints or other tissues
• Ongoing (chronic) pain with reduced movement in the involved joint
• The skin around the joint being tender, sensitive, and sore, and extremely painful to touch

The initial episode usually subsides completely within a week.

While there is no cure for gout, its symptoms can be controlled by medication and diet changes, which include:

• Avoiding foods that are rich in purine such as alcohol, liver, kidney, salmon, sardine, dry beans, beancurd and soy
• Limiting daily intake of protein-rich food such as red meat
• Colchicine, an anti-gout medicine that can help to relieve acute pain and prevent acute attacks
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Steroids injections to relieve pain during an acute attack

Surgery is rarely used to treat gout, but may occasionally be needed to remove infected uric acid crystals, or those that interfere with joint movement.

Unless the high uric level in your blood is reduced, uric acid crystals tend to recur. Consult an orthopaedic surgeon who will be able to advise and start you on a suitable treatment programme.

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If gout is left untreated, your joints may be damaged, causing deformity and restricted mobility. Deposits of uric acid crystals may form under the skin in nodules. Gout episodes may become more frequent if the high uric acid level is not reduced. Uric acid crystals may collect in the urinary tract, causing kidney stones. If you have chronic gout, you may have reduced kidney function or kidney failure and high blood pressure.